Class- 8th Introduction to relational database

 Class- 8th 

Important Full Forms of Computer Technology

Hardware Components

1.     CPU - Central Processing Unit  

2.     GPU - Graphics Processing Unit  

3.     SSD - Solid State Drive  

4.     HDD - Hard Disk Drive  

5.     NIC - Network Interface Card  

6.     MAC - Media Access Control  

7.     BIOS - Basic Input Output System  

8.     PCB - Printed Circuit Board  

9.     CRT - Cathode Ray Tube  

10.     OLED - Organic Light-Emitting Diode  

11.     VGA - Video Graphics Array  

12.     SVGA - Super Video Graphics Array  

 Networking 

13.     LAN - Local Area Network  

14.     WAN - Wide Area Network  

15.     MAN - Metropolitan Area Network  

16.     PAN - Personal Area Network  

17.     WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network  

18.     SAN - Storage Area Network  

19.     CAN - Campus Area Network  

20.     VPN - Virtual Private Network  

21.     VLAN - Virtual Local Area Network  

22.     ISP - Internet Service Provider  

23.     DNS - Domain Name System  

24.     DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol  

25.     TCP - Transmission Control Protocol  

26.     UDP - User Datagram Protocol  

27.     SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol  

28.     ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol  

29.     NAT - Network Address Translation  

---

Programming & Software

30.     API - Application Programming Interface  

31.     GUI - Graphical User Interface  

32.     CLI - Command Line Interface  

33.     SDK - Software Development Kit  

34.     JVM - Java Virtual Machine  

35.     JRE - Java Runtime Environment  

36.     XML - Extensible Markup Language  

37.     HTML - Hypertext Markup Language  

38.     SQL - Structured Query Language  

39.     OOP - Object-Oriented Programming  

40.     SaaS - Software as a Service  

41.     PaaS - Platform as a Service  

42.     IaaS - Infrastructure as a Service  

 Storage & Data Transfer

43.     RAM - Random Access Memory  

44.     ROM - Read-Only Memory  

45.     USB - Universal Serial Bus  

46.     DPI - Dots Per Inch  

47.     MB - Megabyte  

48.     GB - Gigabyte  

49.     TB - Terabyte  

50.     PB - Petabyte  

51.     EB - Exabyte  

52.     ZB - Zettabyte  

53.     YB - Yottabyte  

54.     KB - Kilobyte  

55.     bps - Bits Per Second  

56.     KBps - Kilobytes Per Second  

57.     MBps - Megabytes Per Second  

58.     GBps - Gigabytes Per Second  

59.     Tbps - Terabits Per Second  

60.     IOPS - Input/Output Operations Per Second  

61.     RPM - Revolutions Per Minute  

Security & Protocols

62.     SSL - Secure Sockets Layer  

63.     TLS - Transport Layer Security  

64.     HTTPS - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure  

65.     WEP - Wired Equivalent Privacy  

66.     WPA - Wi-Fi Protected Access  

67.     IDS - Intrusion Detection System  

68.     IPS - Intrusion Prevention System  

Miscellaneous

69.     AI - Artificial Intelligence  

70.     ML - Machine Learning  

71.     IoT - Internet of Things  

72.     ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange  

73.     GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications  

74.     ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning  

75.     CRM - Customer Relationship Management  

76.     OCR - Optical Character Recognition  

77.     MICR - Magnetic Ink Character Recognition  

78.     MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interface  

79.     COMPUTER (Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technical Education Research) 

80.     IPv6 - Internet Protocol version 6  

81.     CD-ROM - Compact Disc Read-Only Memory  

82.     DVD - Digital Versatile Disc  

83.     FTP - File Transfer Protocol  

84.    HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol  

85.     TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol  

86.     IVR - Interactive Voice Response  

87.     RAID - Redundant Array of Independent Disks  

88.     SCSI - Small Computer System Interface  

89.     UEFI - Unified Extensible Firmware Interface  

90.     VR - Virtual Reality  

91.     WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get  

92.     Virus - Vital Information Resources Under Siege

93.     RAT - Remote Access Trojan

94.     WORM - Write Once Read Many

95.     SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

96.    FDD - Floppy Disk Drive

97.    FAT - File Allocation Table

98.    FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions

99.    MS - Microsoft 

100.  FIFO - First In First Out

Important Shortcut key for Computer Window

1.    Ctrl + Shift + N: Create a new folder.

2.   Ctrl + C: Copy selected text or item

3.   Ctrl + X: Cut selected text or item

4.   Ctrl + V: Paste copied or cut text or item

5.   Ctrl + Z: Undo previous action

6.   Ctrl + A: Select all text or items

7.   Ctrl + F: Find a specific word.

8.  Ctrl + S: Save document or file

9.  Ctrl + N: Open a new document or file

10.  Ctrl + O: Open an existing document or file

11. Ctrl + P: Print the current document or file

12. Alt + Tab: Switch between open windows or applications

13.  Windows key + L: Lock the computer

14.  Windows key + D: Show or hide the desktop

15.  Windows key + E: Open File Explorer

16.  Windows key + R: Open the Run dialog box

17.  F1: Open help Window

18.  F5: Refresh the current webpage 

19.  Ctrl + Alt + Delete: Open Task Manager

20.  Alt + F4 : Closed running program 

Basic Questions and answers related to computer

Q.1    What is computer? 

Ans:-     Computer is an electronic device that transforms data meaningful information. 

Q.2    Who is the father of computer? 

Ans:-     Charles Babbage 

Q.3    What do you mean by hardware and software? 

Ans:-    Software:- The programs and instruction that tells the computer what to do.

Hardware:- The Physical part of computer that can be seen and touch.

Chapter- 1     Introduction to relational database

Exercise 

A.  Multiple Choice Questions 

1. d)  4

2. a) Information 

3. b) relation 

4. c) data redundancy 

5. b) data syncing 

B. Fill in the blanks 

1.    Data security 

2.    Information 

3.     SQL Server 

4.    Data Privacy 

5.    SQL

 

C.    True or False 

1.     True 

2.     False 

3.     True 

4.     True 

5.      False 

Key Vocabulary

Data: Raw facts which alone are meaningless.

Information: Facts related logically give us meaningful information. 

Database: Organised collection of data.

RDBMS: Application software used to create and manage databases.

Relation: Another name for database table.

Data redundancy: Multiple copies of same data.

SQL: Structured Query language used to work with databases

A.    Answer the following questions in short 

Q.1    What is database ? 

Ans:-     A database is an organized collection of data that is stored and accessed electronically. It is designed to efficiently store, manage, retrieve, and update information.

Q.2    How does DBMS help us ? 

Ans:-    A Database Management System(DBMS) helps organise data, making it easier to update, retrieve , and protect , improving efficiency and accuracy.

Q.3    How many types of databases are there?

Ans:-    The two main types of databases are Flat File Database and Relational Database.

B.    Answer the following questions in long. 

 Q.1    With a small example, give basic difference between "data" and "information."

Ans-     Data are the raw pieces of information which has no sense but information are organised or structured data that is meaningful and useful.

    Example- Data- 25 celsius, Hamirpur.

    Information- Temperature in hamirpur is 25 celsius.

Q.2    List the name of any 4 popular database.

Ans -  1. My SQL - Open source widely used for web apps.

            2- Postgre SQL - Advanced Open source known for reliability.

            3- Oracle Database - Commercial used in large enterprise.

            4- Microsoft SQL server - commercial, integrates well with windows.

Q3- List any 4 advantage of a database manegment system and briefly describe any two of them.

Ans:-    Advantages of DBMS:- 

1.    Reduces data redundancy 

2.    Improves data security

3.    Enables data sharing

4.    Provides data backup and recovery

Brief Description of - 

1.     Reduces data redundancy:-     A DBMS stores data in a centralized manner, 

    so the same data does not need to be repeated in many places. This saves 

    storage space and avoids duplication.

2. Improves data security:- A DBMS allows only authorized users to access or modify data using passwords and permissions, helping keep information safe.

Q.4        What is Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)? 

Ans:-    A software application that allows to create databases, store data in them and perform all the tasks related to manage the data is called relational database management system.

Q.5        What is the role of SQL in database ? 

Ans:-     Structured Query Language: All RDBMSs in the industries have the same language to maintain and manage the data. This language is called Structured Query Language (SQL). SQL is a collection of database commands to create databases, tables and work with the data.

Class-4th BASIC WINDOWS SETTINGS ( VGS)

 IMPORTANT FULL FORMS RELATED TO COMPUTER

Full Forms 

1.    CPU - Central Processing Unit  

2.    CD - Compact Disc  

3.    DVD    - Digital Versatile Disc  

4.    RAM - Random Access Memory  

5.    ROM - Read Only Memory  

6.    HDD - Hard Disk Drive  

7.    KB - Kilobyte  

8.    MB - Megabyte  

9.    GB - Gigabyte  

10.    TB - Terabyte  

11.    USB - Universal Serial Bus  

12.   HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol  

13.    UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply  

14.    HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language  

15.   ISP - Internet Service Provider  

16.   PC - Personal Computer  

17.    DOS - Disk Operating System  

18.    MS - Microsoft  

 Ctrl + A = Select all text or items

Ctrl + C = Copy selected text or item  

Ctrl + F = Find specific text

Ctrl + P = Print current document

Ctrl + N = New page

Ctrl + O = Open existing file

Ctrl + V = Paste copied item

Ctrl + X = Cut selected text or item

F1 = Open help window

F5 = Refresh current page

Ctrl + Z = Undo previous action

Ctrl + B = Bold any text

Ctrl + I = Italic any text

Ctrl + U = Underline selected text  

Ctrl + Y = Redo previous action

  DATA STORAGE UNITS

1 Bit-    Binary digit: 0 or 1

1 Byte-    8 Bits

1024 Bytes-    1 Kilobyte (KB)

1024 Kilobytes-    1 Megabyte (MB)

1024 MB-    1 Gigabyte (GB)

1024 GB   -    1 Terabyte (TB)

1024 TB-        1 Petabyte (PB)

1024 PB-        1 Exabyte (EB)

1024 EB-    1 Zettabyte (ZB)

1024 ZB-    1 Yottabyte (YB)

Basic questions and answers related to computer

Q1. What is a computer? 

Ans:     A computer is an electronic machine that transform data into meaningful information.

Q.2    What is the smallest unit of data in a computer?

Ans:-  A bit is the smallest unit of data in a computer.  

Q.3    Who is the father of the computer?

Ans:-     Charles Babbage. 

Q.4    What does COMPUTER stand for?

Ans:- Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technical Educational Research.

 CHAPTER 1: BASIC WINDOWS SETTINGS

A.    Multiple choice questions 

1.    d) All of these 

2.    c) Fill 

3.    c) Set transparency on/off

4.    a) None

5.    c) Window themes

6.    b) Time Zone 

B.    Fill in the blanks 

1.     Wallpaper 

2.     Tiles 

3.    Colours 

4.    Mouse , Any key

5.    Taskbar

C.     State True or False 

1.    False 

2.    True

3.    True

4.    False 

5.    True

Key Vocabulary 

Personlisation : Changes according to one’s preferences and liking.

Windows spotlight : Online images and advertisements displayed on the Desktop.

Resume : To start from where you left last.

Theme : Pre-designed settings of colours and styles.

Time Zone : A geographical area in which time remains the same than other zones

A.    Answer the following questions

Q.1    How to do the following:

a)    Set a desktop wallpaper: - Right click on desktop → personalize → Background → Choose a picture 

b)     Set a Screen saver - Right click on desktop→

personalize → lock screen→ Screen saver setting → choose photo→ click apply and ok.

c)  Lock Taskbar - Right click on the taskbar→ Taskbar setting→ click on Lock the taskbar 

Q.2    Why does window provide many setting to personalize? 

Ans:- Window provides many personalize setting so user can customise their need and comfort. 

Q.3    What is a screen saver?

Ans:-     Screen saver is a graphical pattern image or text which appears on the screen if the computer is left idle for some time.

Q.4    Discuss any two settings on Desktop which you can change.

Ans:  i) Taskbar Position: You can move the taskbar top bottom left or right of the screen. 

ii)    Desktop background - You can change the wallpaper or background image of your desktop. 

Class-7th (Chapter- 1 How computers Represent Data ? )

Important Full Forms of Computer Technology

Hardware Components

1.     CPU - Central Processing Unit  

2.     GPU - Graphics Processing Unit  

3.     SSD - Solid State Drive  

4.     HDD - Hard Disk Drive  

5.     NIC - Network Interface Card  

6.     MAC - Media Access Control  

7.     BIOS - Basic Input Output System  

8.     PCB - Printed Circuit Board  

9.     CRT - Cathode Ray Tube  

10.     OLED - Organic Light-Emitting Diode  

11.     VGA - Video Graphics Array  

12.     SVGA - Super Video Graphics Array  

 Networking 

13.     LAN - Local Area Network  

14.     WAN - Wide Area Network  

15.     MAN - Metropolitan Area Network  

16.     PAN - Personal Area Network  

17.     WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network  

18.     SAN - Storage Area Network  

19.     CAN - Campus Area Network  

20.     VPN - Virtual Private Network  

21.     VLAN - Virtual Local Area Network  

22.     ISP - Internet Service Provider  

23.     DNS - Domain Name System  

24.     DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol  

25.     TCP - Transmission Control Protocol  

26.     UDP - User Datagram Protocol  

27.     SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol  

28.     ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol  

29.     NAT - Network Address Translation  

---

Programming & Software

30.     API - Application Programming Interface  

31.     GUI - Graphical User Interface  

32.     CLI - Command Line Interface  

33.     SDK - Software Development Kit  

34.     JVM - Java Virtual Machine  

35.     JRE - Java Runtime Environment  

36.     XML - Extensible Markup Language  

37.     HTML - Hypertext Markup Language  

38.     SQL - Structured Query Language  

39.     OOP - Object-Oriented Programming  

40.     SaaS - Software as a Service  

41.     PaaS - Platform as a Service  

42.     IaaS - Infrastructure as a Service  

 Storage & Data Transfer

43.     RAM - Random Access Memory  

44.     ROM - Read-Only Memory  

45.     USB - Universal Serial Bus  

46.     DPI - Dots Per Inch  

47.     MB - Megabyte  

48.     GB - Gigabyte  

49.     TB - Terabyte  

50.     PB - Petabyte  

51.     EB - Exabyte  

52.     ZB - Zettabyte  

53.     YB - Yottabyte  

54.     KB - Kilobyte  

55.     bps - Bits Per Second  

56.     KBps - Kilobytes Per Second  

57.     MBps - Megabytes Per Second  

58.     GBps - Gigabytes Per Second  

59.     Tbps - Terabits Per Second  

60.     IOPS - Input/Output Operations Per Second  

61.     RPM - Revolutions Per Minute  

Security & Protocols

62.     SSL - Secure Sockets Layer  

63.     TLS - Transport Layer Security  

64.     HTTPS - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure  

65.     WEP - Wired Equivalent Privacy  

66.     WPA - Wi-Fi Protected Access  

67.     IDS - Intrusion Detection System  

68.     IPS - Intrusion Prevention System  

Miscellaneous

69.     AI - Artificial Intelligence  

70.     ML - Machine Learning  

71.     IoT - Internet of Things  

72.     ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange  

73.     GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications  

74.     ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning  

75.     CRM - Customer Relationship Management  

76.     OCR - Optical Character Recognition  

77.     MICR - Magnetic Ink Character Recognition  

78.     MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interface  

79.     COMPUTER (Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technical Education Research) 

80.     IPv6 - Internet Protocol version 6  

81.     CD-ROM - Compact Disc Read-Only Memory  

82.     DVD - Digital Versatile Disc  

83.     FTP - File Transfer Protocol  

84.    HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol  

85.     TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol  

86.     IVR - Interactive Voice Response  

87.     RAID - Redundant Array of Independent Disks  

88.     SCSI - Small Computer System Interface  

89.     UEFI - Unified Extensible Firmware Interface  

90.     VR - Virtual Reality  

91.     WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get  

92.     Virus - Vital Information Resources Under Siege

93.     RAT - Remote Access Trojan

94.     WORM - Write Once Read Many

95.     SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

96.    FDD - Floppy Disk Drive

97.    FAT - File Allocation Table

98.    FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions

99.    MS - Microsoft 

100.  FIFO - First In First Out

Important Shortcut key for Computer Window

1.    Ctrl + Shift + N: Create a new folder.

2.   Ctrl + C: Copy selected text or item

3.   Ctrl + X: Cut selected text or item

4.   Ctrl + V: Paste copied or cut text or item

5.   Ctrl + Z: Undo previous action

6.   Ctrl + A: Select all text or items

7.   Ctrl + F: Find a specific word.

8.  Ctrl + S: Save document or file

9.  Ctrl + N: Open a new document or file

10.  Ctrl + O: Open an existing document or file

11. Ctrl + P: Print the current document or file

12. Alt + Tab: Switch between open windows or applications

13.  Windows key + L: Lock the computer

14.  Windows key + D: Show or hide the desktop

15.  Windows key + E: Open File Explorer

16.  Windows key + R: Open the Run dialog box

17.  F1: Open help Window

18.  F5: Refresh the current webpage 

19.  Ctrl + Alt + Delete: Open Task Manager

20.  Alt + F4 : Closed running program 

Chapter- 1 How computers Represent Data ? 

Key Vocabulary

Bit :             Smallest unit of representing data in computers.

Byte :          Set of 8 bits.

ASCII :         American Standard Code for Information Interchange

EBCDIC :     Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ()

UNICODE : Universal Character Set Code

UTF :             Unicode Transformation Format

Base :     Number of digits used in a number system.    

A.    Answer the following questions in short.

Q.1      How many types of number system are there in computer. 

Ans:-     There are four types of number system:-    

            Number System                                         Base 

 1.     Binary Number System                                  2

2.     Octal Number System                                      8

3.     Decimal Number System                              10

4.     Hexadecimal Number System                    16        

Q.2    What is stands for ASCII & UNICODE ?

Ans:-    ASCII :- American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

UNICODE :-  Universal Character Set 

Q.3          Solve this binary addition 

    i)    (1 0 0 0)  + (0 1 1 1)

                Ans :-    1 0 0 0                            

                           + 0 1 1 1 

                              1 1 1  1

ii)     (1 1 1 1 1)     +   (0 1 0 1 1)

Ans:-               1    1    1    1        ------- carry over 

                         1   1    1    1    1

                    +   0    1    0    1    1

                      1 0    1    0    1    0

Q.4    What do you understand by number system? 

Ans:-    A number system can be defined as a way of counting. We humans use numbers 0 to 9 for counting. These are 10 unique number, Ten means deca .

B.    Answer the following questions in long.

Q.1    What do you mean by the terms bit, byte, and nibble?  

Ans:-    Bit:- The smallest unit of data in a computer. It can have a value of either 0 or 1.

Byte: A group of 8 bits. It is used to represent one character like A or 5.

Nibble: A group of 4 bits. It is half of a byte.

Q.2        What is the use of character encoding system?

Ans:-    A character encoding system is used to convert text characters like letters, numbers, and symbols into a format that computers can understand, which is binary code. It helps computers store and display text.

Q.3    Name 3 character-encoding systems and describe Universal character set code system briefly.  

Ans:-    Three character-encoding systems are:  

1. ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange  

2. ISCII - Indian Script Code for Information Interchange  

3. Unicode- Universal Character Set  

Universal Character Set (Unicode): Unicode is a universal encoding system that can represent characters from almost all languages in the world. It assigns a unique number to every character, so computers can display text in any language.

Q.4    What do you mean by the bases of number system?

Ans:-     The base of a number system means the total number of digits or symbols used to represent numbers in that system. It is also called radix.

Binary has base 2 → uses 0, 1  

Decimal has base 10 → uses 0 to 9  

Octal has base 8 → uses 0 to 7  

Hexadecimal has base 16 → uses 0 to 9 and A to F  

 

Class-3rd Chapter- 1 How does computer works (VGS)

Class 3rd Computer (VGS) 

Note:- Draw it as a diagram on the first page of your notebook.

Short cut Key

1.    Ctrl + C-  Copy

2.    Ctrl + P-  Print  

3.    Ctrl + V- Paste 

4.    Ctrl + X - Cut

5.    Ctrl + O - Open a file or document

6.    Ctrl + N - Open a new page 

7.    Windows Key + L- Lock the computer 

8.    Ctrl + A - Select All 

9.    Ctrl + S- Save a file or document 

10.   Ctrl + Z - Undo previous action 

Important Full forms 

1.    CPU:-    Central Processing Unit

2.    CD:-    Compact Disc

3.    RAM:-     Random Access Memory 

4.    ROM:-     Read Only Memory 

5.    HDD:-    Hard Disk Drive

6.    KB:-    Kilobyte

7.    MB:-     Megabyte

8. GB:- Gigabyte 

9. USB :- Universal Serial Bus

10. OS :- Operating System

11. URL:- Uniform Resource Locator

12.    DVD:-     Digital Versatile Disc 

13.     PC:-     Personal Computer

14.    MS:-     Microsoft

15.    AI:-         Artificial Intelligence

16.    ISP:-       Internet Service Provider

17.    UPS:-     Uninterruptible Power Supply

18.    HTML:-  HyperText Markup Language

19.    GUI:-    Graphical User Interface

20.    HTTP:-    HyperText Transfer Protocol

Basic questions answer related to computer 

Q.1    What is computer ? 

Ans:-     Computer is an electronic machine that transform data into meaningful information. 

Q.2   Name any two input devices. 

Ans:-    Keyboard and mouse are input devices. 

Q.3    Name any two output devices. 

Ans:- Monitor and printer are output devices. 

Q.4     Who is the father of computer ? 

Ans:-    Charles Babbage 

Chapter- 1 How does computer works

A.   Multiple Choice questions

1.    a) Input

2.    c) Both a) and b) 

3.    d) CPU 

4.    c) Disk

5.    a) RAM 

B.    Mark the following statement as True or false

1. True 

2. False 

3. False 

4. True 

5. True 

C. Fill in the blanks 

1.    Input 

2. Hardware

3. CPU 

4. Software

5. RAM 

A. Answer the following questions.

Q.1    Write the full form IPO cycle? 

Ans:-    Input-Process- Output 

Q.2     Give 2 examples of processing.

Ans:     1. Calculating (for addition or subtraction)

              2. Sorting data according to names alphabetically

Q.3     Give one basic difference between the short-term memory and disk?

Ans:-     Short-term memory RAM stores data temporarily, while a disk stores data permanently.

Q.4 What do you mean by the term hardware and software?

Ans: Hardware: The physical part of a computer that we can see and touch.

Software: All the programs that run on your computer are called software.

Q.5         Give two examples of data and instruction.

Ans:-    Data: Number, text (e.g., 25, "Hello")

               Instruction: Command like "Add numbers", "Print document"